Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Co-Culture of α TC-6 Cells and β TC-1 Cells: Morphology and Function: Sung Man Kim, Eun Ju Lee, Hye Sook Jung, Na Han, You Jeong Kim, Tae Kyoon Kim, Tae Nyun Kim, Min Jeong Kwon, Soon Hee Lee, Jeong Hyun Park, Byoung Doo Rhee, Mi-Kyung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(1):92-97. Published online March 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.92

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Background

In vitro experiments using only β-cell lines instead of islets are limited because pancreatic islets are composed of four different types of endocrine cells. Several recent studies have focused on cellular interactions among these cell types, especially α- and β-cells. Because islet isolation needs time and experience, we tested a simple co-culture system with α- and β-cells. Their morphology and function were assessed by comparison to each single cell culture and pancreatic islets.

Methods

α TC-6 cells and β TC-1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium containing 5 mM glucose and 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were mixed at a 1:1 ratio (5×10⁵) in 6-well plates and cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hours. After culture, cells were used for insulin and glucagon immunoassays and tested for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).

Results

α TC-6 and β TC-1 cells became condensed by 24 hours and were more strongly compacted after 48 hours. β TC-1 cells showed both β-β and β-α cell contacts. GSIS increased with increasing glucose concentration in co-cultured cells, which showed lower secreted insulin levels than β TC-1 cells alone. The increase in the secreted insulin/insulin content ratio was significantly lower for co-cultured cells than for β-cells alone (P=0.04). Compared to islets, the α-/β-cell co-culture showed a higher ratio of GSIS to insulin content, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.09).

Conclusion

α TC-6 and β TC-1 cells in the co-culture system showed cell-to-cell contacts and a similar stimulated insulin secretion pattern to islets. The co-culture system may be used to better mimic pancreatic islets in in vitro assessments.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Recent advances in the design of implantable insulin secreting heterocellular islet organoids
M. Birgul Akolpoglu, Yasemin Inceoglu, Ugur Bozuyuk, Ana Rita Sousa, Mariana B. Oliveira, João F. Mano, Seda Kizilel
Biomaterials.2021; 269: 120627. CrossRef
Pancreatic β Cells Inhibit Glucagon Secretion from α Cells: An In Vitro Demonstration of α–β Cell Interaction
Wenqian Gu, Camilla Christine Bundgaard Anker, Christine Bodelund Christiansen, Tilo Moede, Per-Olof Berggren, Kjeld Hermansen, Søren Gregersen, Per Bendix Jeppesen
Nutrients.2021; 13(7): 2281. CrossRef
The Role of Pancreatic Alpha Cells and Endothelial Cells in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress in Pseudoislets
Fredrik C. Wieland, Mireille M.J.P.E. Sthijns, Thomas Geuens, Clemens A. van Blitterswijk, Vanessa L.S. LaPointe
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Reports

Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis Induced by Dexamethasone.: Eun Ju Lee, Tae Kyoon Kim, Min Jeong Kwon, Soon Hee Lee, Jeong Hyun Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(4):299-302. Published online December 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.4.299

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Abstract PDF

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a disease characterized by sudden onset and muscle paralysis. It occurs in the setting of hypokalemia of thyrotoxicosis. Cases of TPP induced by a glucocorticoid such as prednisolone or methylprednisolone have been reported. We report on two patients, each of whom received a dexamethasone injection and subsequently developed TPP. Both patients experienced sudden, flaccid paralysis of both extremities after the injection but recovered completely after receiving a potassium replacement. Laboratory results revealed thyrotoxicosis. The patients were diagnosed with Graves' disease and discharged after receiving treatment with methimazole and propranolol. This report provides the clinical description of TPP induced by dexamethasone injection. These cases suggest that clinicians must consider the presence of hyperthyroid disease in patients who develop acute paralysis after treatment with a glucocorticoid, even in the absence thyrotoxic symptoms. Furthermore, physicians should be aware that TPP can occur even in response to dexamethasone used for treatment of thyrotoxic crisis or Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Glucocorticoid-Induced Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis after Short-Term Use of Tenofovir with Hypophosphatemia: A Case Report
Yujin Shin, Yonglee Kim, Kyong Young Kim, Jong Ha Baek, Soo Kyoung Kim, Jung Hwa Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Min Young Kim, Jaehoon Jung, Hosu Kim
Medicina.2021; 58(1): 52. CrossRef

A Case of Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland.: Kyung Im Bae, Ki Hun Kim, Sung Yeun Yang, Soon Hee Lee, Su Kyoung Kwon, Soo Jin Jung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(1):84-89. Published online February 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.1.84

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Abstract PDF

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an extremely rare case to observe and represents less than 1% in all the primary thyroid malignancies. Normally, squamous epithelium is absent in the thyroid gland and presently; its origin is believed to arise from metaplasia of follicular epithelium. Cancer has very aggressive clinical behavior and a very poor prognosis with survival rates of less than 1 year. The best chances of survival have been achieved with complete resection followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Recently, we came across a case of 80-year-old woman with primary squamous cell cacinoma of the thyroid gland present in the background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The patient had swelling in the anterior neck portion from the past 20 days. On physical examinaton, 3x3cm2 hard and fixed ill defined mass was detected in the right lobe of thyroid. Repeated fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid revealed the presence of carcinoma. Apparently, Palliative thyroidectomy was performed after 3 months of diagnosis. During operation, the tumor was revealed as a mass of 100mm in diameter and infiltrated the surrounding muscles, trachea and other soft tissue in the neck. After the operation, the patient's condition deteriorated and ultimately after 5 months of her initial visit, she died due to respiratory failure.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Meta-Analysis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Thyroid
Hyun Seok Shim, Oh Jin Kwon, Joon Seok Ko, Jung Je Park, Jin Pyeong Kim, Chan Ryeul Jeong, Seung Hoon Woo
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2013; 56(7): 425. CrossRef
A Patient with Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Intermingled with Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma that Remains Alive more than 8 Years after Diagnosis
Tae Sik Jung, Young Lyun Oh, Young-Ki Min, Myung-Shik Lee, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kwang-Won Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2006; 21(1): 73. CrossRef

A Case of Calciphylaxis Mimicking Dermatomyositis.: Jeung Hun Han, Sin Won Lee, Gui Hwa Jung, Chang Hoon Choi, Soon Hee Lee, Jung Guk Kim, Sung Woo Ha, Jong Myung Lee, Nung Soo Kim, Bo Wan Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(2):297-301. Published online April 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: Calciphylaxis is a rare, but fatal, condition that is characterized by a rapidly progressive ischemic necrosis of the skin, underlying tissue and other organs, as well as rapid vascular calcification. It results in death due to sepsis, heart or respiratory failure. A 67-year old female was admitted to hospital with the chief complaint of constant pain to both lower legs of 1 week duration. She was treated with calcitonin-salmon due to a prior unexplained hypercalcemia of 2 weeks. On the third day post admission. pain and weakness in the lower legs were aggravated, became painful, with violaceous skin lesions developing on the thigh with findings similar to those of rhabdomyolysis. Because she was suspected of having dermatomyositis, she was treated with methylpredrisolone. However, the skin lesions and symptoms were aggravated, and she died of sepsis due to a skin infection. About 160 cases of calciphylaxis have been reported, with most of these cases being associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to end-stage renal disease, but cases of calciphylaxis without renal failure are very rare. We now report a case of calciphylaxis without renal failure, mimicking dermatomyositis, and present a brief review of the pathophysiology and treatments of calciphylaxis inform the relevant literature.

A Case of Functioning Paraganglioma in Posterior Mediastinum.: Chang Hoon Choi, Sin Won Lee, Gui Hwa Jung, Si Hyung Park, Soon Hee Lee, Jung Guk Kim, Sung Woo Ha, Bo Wan Kim, Sang Chul Lee, Eung Bae Lee, Tae In Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(2):292-296. Published online April 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: Paraganglioma is an extraadrenal pheochromocytoma originating from chromaffin cells distributed in the sympathetic nervous systems. Functioning extraadrenal paragangliomas represent more than 10% of all pheochromocytomas, and seems to be highly malignant tumor in comparison to intraadrenal pheochromocytomas. Recently, we experienced a case of a paraganglioma in the posterior mediastinum. A 32-year-old woman was admitted to hospital due to dyspnea on exertion, and intractable hypertension. A chest X-ray showed a well-defined mass density on the right cardiac border, and biochemical studies showed characteristic findings of pheochromocytoma. A solitary pheochromocytoma was located in the posterior mediastinum using 131I-MIBG scintigraphy. The clinical manifestations, including hypertension and dyspnea were improved after operation.

Two Cases of Autoimmune Insulin Syndrome with Hypoglycemia.: See Hyung Park, Shin Won Lee, Gui Hwa Jeong, Chang Hoon Choi, Soon Hee Lee, Jeung Hoon Han, Jeong Guk Kim, Seong Woo Ha, Bo Wan Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2001;16(4-5):508-513. Published online October 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Autoimmune insulin syndrome is characterized by insulin autoantibody, hyperinsulinemia, and fasting hypoglycemia without previous insulin immunization. This syndrome shows discordant levels between immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide. Negative results of an anatomic study of the pancreas and an inability to reproduce hypoglycemia during a prolonged fast may be helpful in excluding insulinoma. Symptomatic hypoglycemia usually develops during an oral glucose tolerance test. This syndrome is a self-limited disorder. Recently, we experienced one case that developed symptomatic hypoglycemia during both the fasting & oral glucose tolerance test, and another that developed symptomatic hypoglycemia during the oral glucose tolerance test but not the fasting test. Hereby, we present these cases with a review of the literature.

Original Article

New Mutation Site in Vasopressin V2 Receptor Gene in a Family with Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Incipidus.: Soon Hee Lee, Chang Hoon Choi, See Hyung Park, Young Sun Choi, Jeong Gook Kim, Seung Woo Ha, Bo Wan Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(1):97-106. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare inherited disorder, in which two different hereditary forms, X-linked and autosomal recessive traits, have been identified. The X-linked recessive form, mostly (>90%) congenital NDI, has been known to be caused by mutation of the arginine-vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) gene. AVPR2 mutation sites are different in ethnic groups and recently 72 different mutation sites have been reported among AVPR2 gene. This study aimed to analyze AVPR2 gene in selected members in a Korean family with NDI and provided a report of the existence of a new mutation site in AVPR2 gene. METHODS: Three-generation maternal pedigree of the index patient (21-year old male, patient I) and his younger brother (19-year old male, patient II) with NDI was collected. Genomic DNA was obtained from patient I, II, III (index patient's male maternal cousin with NDI), index patient's mother, three maternal aunts, one female maternal cousin and, for control, one healthy male volunteer. Three coding exons of AVPR2 gene were amplified by PCR using 4 pairs of oligonucleotide primers. After direct sequencing of amplified PCR products, the sequence was compared with whole squence of normal AVPR2 gene and identification of a new site of mutation in this gene was done. RESULTS: 1) all three male patients had transversion of G to C at position 1033 of the AVPR2 gene, resulting in a subsequent change of amino acid from glycine to cysteine in codon 201. 2) Two small peaks of G and T, the result of direct sequencing in five female members in this family, would suggest that they are carriers of G to N transversion. CONCLUSION: These results can demonstrate the significant functional correlation of the mutation in AVPR2 gene sequence with clinical NDI, and suggest the clinical utility of direct mutation testing for congenital NDI in family.

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